在上一节我们看到了,多人在同一个分支上协作时,很容易出现冲突。即使没有冲突,后push的童鞋不得不先pull,在本地合并,然后才能push成功。
每次合并再push后,分支变成了这样:
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit* d1be385 (HEAD -> master, origin/master) init hello* e5e69f1 Merge branch 'dev'|\ | * 57c53ab (origin/dev, dev) fix env conflict| |\ | | * 7a5e5dd add env| * | 7bd91f1 add new env| |/ * | 12a631b merged bug fix 101|\ \ | * | 4c805e2 fix bug 101|/ / * | e1e9c68 merge with no-ff|\ \ | |/ | * f52c633 add merge|/ * cf810e4 conflict fixed
总之看上去很乱,有强迫症的童鞋会问:为什么Git的提交历史不能是一条干净的直线?
其实是可以做到的!
Git有一种称为rebase的操作,有人把它翻译成“变基”。
先不要随意展开想象。我们还是从实际问题出发,看看怎么把分叉的提交变成直线。
在和远程分支同步后,我们对hello.py
这个文件做了两次提交。用git log
命令看看:
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit* 582d922 (HEAD -> master) add author* 8875536 add comment* d1be385 (origin/master) init hello* e5e69f1 Merge branch 'dev'|\ | * 57c53ab (origin/dev, dev) fix env conflict| |\ | | * 7a5e5dd add env| * | 7bd91f1 add new env...
注意到Git用(HEAD -> master)
和(origin/master)
标识出当前分支的HEAD和远程origin的位置分别是582d922 add author
和d1be385 init hello
,本地分支比远程分支快两个提交。
现在我们尝试推送本地分支:
$ git push origin masterTo github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git ! [rejected] master -> master (fetch first)error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git'hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you dohint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushinghint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changeshint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
很不幸,失败了,这说明有人先于我们推送了远程分支。按照经验,先pull一下:
$ git pullremote: Counting objects: 3, done.remote: Compressing objects: 100% (1/1), done.remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 3 (delta 1), pack-reused 0Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.From github.com:michaelliao/learngit d1be385..f005ed4 master -> origin/master * [new tag] v1.0 -> v1.0Auto-merging hello.pyMerge made by the 'recursive' strategy. hello.py | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
再用git status
看看状态:
$ git statusOn branch masterYour branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)nothing to commit, working tree clean
加上刚才合并的提交,现在我们本地分支比远程分支超前3个提交。
用git log
看看:
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit* e0ea545 (HEAD -> master) Merge branch 'master' of github.com:michaelliao/learngit|\ | * f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1* | 582d922 add author* | 8875536 add comment|/ * d1be385 init hello...
对强迫症童鞋来说,现在事情有点不对头,提交历史分叉了。如果现在把本地分支push到远程,有没有问题?
有!
什么问题?
不好看!
有没有解决方法?
有!
这个时候,rebase就派上了用场。我们输入命令git rebase
试试:
$ git rebaseFirst, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...Applying: add commentUsing index info to reconstruct a base tree...M hello.pyFalling back to patching base and 3-way merge...Auto-merging hello.pyApplying: add authorUsing index info to reconstruct a base tree...M hello.pyFalling back to patching base and 3-way merge...Auto-merging hello.py
输出了一大堆操作,到底是啥效果?再用git log
看看:
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit* 7e61ed4 (HEAD -> master) add author* 3611cfe add comment* f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1* d1be385 init hello...
原本分叉的提交现在变成一条直线了!这种神奇的操作是怎么实现的?其实原理非常简单。我们注意观察,发现Git把我们本地的提交“挪动”了位置,放到了f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1
之后,这样,整个提交历史就成了一条直线。rebase操作前后,最终的提交内容是一致的,但是,我们本地的commit修改内容已经变化了,它们的修改不再基于d1be385 init hello
,而是基于f005ed4 (origin/master) set exit=1
,但最后的提交7e61ed4
内容是一致的。
这就是rebase操作的特点:把分叉的提交历史“整理”成一条直线,看上去更直观。缺点是本地的分叉提交已经被修改过了。
最后,通过push操作把本地分支推送到远程:
Mac:~/learngit michael$ git push origin masterCounting objects: 6, done.Delta compression using up to 4 threads.Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done.Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 576 bytes | 576.00 KiB/s, done.Total 6 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), completed with 1 local object.To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git f005ed4..7e61ed4 master -> master
再用git log
看看效果:
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit* 7e61ed4 (HEAD -> master, origin/master) add author* 3611cfe add comment* f005ed4 set exit=1* d1be385 init hello...
远程分支的提交历史也是一条直线。
小结
rebase操作可以把本地未push的分叉提交历史整理成直线;
rebase的目的是使得我们在查看历史提交的变化时更容易,因为分叉的提交需要三方对比。